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Leica copies originate from the Leica camera that was launched by Ernst Leitz, Wetzlar in 1925; it uses the ''35mm'' perforated film. The design was carried out by Oskar Barnack, beginning in 1913 by building a camera for ''24×36mm'' negatives that by now is called the ''Ur-Leica''; but Ernst Leitz did not decide to manufacture it until 1924. Once started, the Leica production volume doubled each year; in 1929, some 16.000 cameras were produced. In 1930, an improved model with interchangeable lens was introduced, followed a year later by the fully developed ''Leica II'' with standardized film to lens flange distance, and in 1932 the basic ''Leica Standard''; the Leica concept was established. This camera's features are the basis for defining a Leica copy. After World War II, the Allied countries made all German patents in their country available to the public free of charge. Ernst Leitz had no patents registered in the USSR. Cameras introduced later would not cause patent rights infringements as far as the early Leica models are concerned. The set of specifications chosen to define a screw mount Leica copy, as described by HPR,〔 is: *1 - Predominantly a rangefinder/viewfinder camera type *2 - With a ''39mm'' diameter screw lens mount with approximately 1 mm pitch *3 - and a 28.8 mm film to lens flange distance *4 - Using the ''35mm'' film format *5 - And employing a focal-plane shutter Some 500 individual camera models that were produced by a large number of camera manufacturers since the introduction of the Leica fall into this category. These originate from about 21 original Leica inspired cameras. However, some of these never made it past the prototype stage, and some came on the market only in very small quantities. Those that made it to the market by more than a few thousands were: (Only the first model by each manufacturer is mentioned, while the indicated period encompasses the entire range of models until the end of production) *1934 - 1990: The FED manufactured in the Kharkov labour commune in USSR. *1940 - 1961: The Leotax manufactured in Japan by Showa Kogaku, Tokyo. *1947 - 1959: The Minolta-35 manufactured by Chiyoda Kogaku, Osaka (24×32mm at first). *1947 - 1954: Kardon manufactured by Premier Instrument Corp., New York, USA.〔 *1948 - 1959: Nicca manufactured in Japan by Nippon Camera Co. Ltd, Tokyo.〔 *1948 - 1977: Zorki manufactured in USSR by KMZ, Krasnogorsk.〔 *1951 - 1968: Canon III manufactured in Japan by Seiki Kogaku, Tokyo, but see discussion page. *1953 - 1959: Tanack IIC manufactured in Japan by Tanaka Optical Co., Tokyo.〔 *1953 - 1961: Periflex manufactured in England by K. G. Corfield Ltd. Wolverhampton. *1958 - 1963: Shanghai 58-I manufactured in China by Shanghai Camera Factory. *1959 - 1960: Yashica YE manufactured by Yashica as a continuation of the Nicca range.〔 Note: Some ''35mm'' rangefinder cameras were also partly inspired by the Zeiss Ikon Contax. Among these belong the 1935 Canon and the 1948 Nikon rangefinder camera. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Leica copies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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